Article
March 28, 2019
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by Stephen

Five Steps to Writing an Excellent Index

Photo by Jo Szczepanska on Unsplash

Happy National Indexing Day! 

This is a celebration started in the UK by the Society of Indexers and is starting to spread around the world. From across the pond in Canada, I thought I would join in the fun too. 

The question I get the most from non-indexers is, how is the index written? Though people are often enthusiastic about using indexes, the actual writing process remains mysterious. You don’t have to read the whole book, do you? That sounds like work. 

Well, yes, the whole book needs to be read, and today, in honour of indexes everywhere, I would like to share the five steps to writing an excellent index.

Step 1: Lay the Ground Rules

Indexes are governed by conventions. You might be able to tell that from the alphabetical ordering of entries and by how neatly indexes are arranged in columns. The twist is that there are different conventions to choose from. Since changing conventions mid-process can cause all sorts of pain and anguish—chiefly from the tedium of having to go back and change what was previously done—it is best to decide from the start which conventions you want to use. So,

  • Run-in format or indented format?
  • Letter-by-letter alphabetical sorting or word-by-word sorting?
  • Should page ranges be abbreviated, and if so, how?
  • Should figures, tables, and other illustrations be indicated in some way, and if so, how?
  • How will cross-references be formatted?

These are the main conventions that you should establish from the start. It often does not matter which you choose so long as you are consistent. 

Step 2: Read the Book

This step may seem obvious, but then again, many people seem to assume that indexing can be automated by a computer. Yes, you do need to read the book, every single word, from cover to cover. So far humans are better than computers at pulling out implicit arguments and references, at discerning relevance, and at understanding how the index should be written to meet the needs of different audiences. An index should be more than a list of keywords.

Step 3: Create the Index Entries

The next step, once the text is read, is to create the actual entries that will be in the index. There is no right or wrong way to do this, so long as terms are selected and written down with page numbers (or other locators) to direct readers to the information. 

I usually create entries as I read the text, so I will read a paragraph or a page, write down the entries that I see, and then move on. This approach does take practice, however, and it helps to already have a sense for what the final index should look like. If you are new to indexing, I suggest a second approach, which is what I used in the first few years of my career.

In this second approach, mark up the text as you read but don’t worry about making the entries, yet. You can do this on hard copy or on a PDF. The goal is to highlight, underline, circle, scribble in the margins, and otherwise identify potential entries. Once you have marked up a significant chunk of text, which could be a chapter or the whole book, then go back, review the entries you have identified, and write down the entries in the index that you still agree with. This method works because by marking up the text first, you can more easily see the context that your entries exist in, which can provide clues for what is important and for how to structure the index, such as determining which terms should have subheadings.

Step 4: Edit the Index

Once you have completed the hard work of reading the book and creating the index entries, the index needs to be edited. You may realize in hindsight that some entries are missing or should be fleshed out. Conversely, you may realize that some entries are not relevant after all and should be removed. Some entries with long strings of page numbers may need subheadings to provide clarity. Or maybe cross-references need to be added to help guide the reader. At the very least, proofreading for spelling, punctuation, and grammar is always a good idea. An index is most useful if it is easy to read and navigate, and if it points to relevant information. A thorough edit should ensure that this is true.

Step 5: Solicit and Incorporate Feedback

So far writing the index has been a solitary endeavour. But you are, after all, writing the index for your readers, so you want to make sure that your index can be used and understand by others. If you are an author writing the index yourself, send the index to beta readers and get their feedback. If you are an indexer, send the index to the author or to the editor or publisher. Thoughtful feedback will likely improve the index, so don’t be afraid to ask for a second opinion. Based on the feedback you receive, revise the index as needed.

So there you go, the five steps to writing an index. This is what every indexer does, in one form or another, often behind the scenes. It is a process that requires time and, yes, work. 

So happy indexing, everyone! Here’s to excellent indexes in every nonfiction book.

This five step process is adapted from my free mini course, Indexing Decoded. If you would like to learn more about how to index, you can learn more and register by clicking on this link.

Article
March 29, 2018
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by Stephen

Happy Indexing Day! A Tribute to the Joys (and Tribulations) Faced by Indexers

 

It is that day to poke our heads up from our computers, shake loose the cobwebs of headings and locators which cling to our minds, and realize that hey! we are not alone in this business. (It is great to see you too.)

Indexing can be a lonely endeavour. Most indexers freelance, working from home or co-working spaces. Occasionally we will collaborate on a particularly large project, which will initiate a flurry of phone calls and emails, but even then we are usually doing the actual work by ourselves. Perhaps because of this seclusion, indexers tend to be extremely helpful and welcoming, whether on email groups, or at conferences or regional get-togethers. Even introverts—and most of us are probably introverts—need our social outlets. 

Being self-employed also means that you never really know what project will be offered next. Is that email in your inbox a dream project, perfectly aligning with your interests and expertise, or is it going to be a nightmare? I have to tell you, philosophy and literary criticism are not my strong points, unless it is a book with a title like Philosophy for Dummies (which I am still waiting to receive). There are other indexers with graduate degrees in philosophy and literary criticism. Please hire them instead. 

But still, our incomes depend on receiving a steady stream of projects. It can be tempting to take on those difficult projects, especially if there is a hole in your schedule or pocket. Sometimes you don’t realize that a project is going to be difficult until you start. Sometimes you just want to beat your head against the keyboard, you have no idea what the text is trying to say. Maybe the book would have made sense to that indexer with a graduate degree in whatever the subject is (and maybe that indexer is cursing the project that would have been perfect for you), but there can be a silver lining. I have gotten some of the most effusive praise from clients on the books I had the most difficulty with. Maybe it was all of the extra time I poured into the book, trying to read and re-read it, turning the text upside down looking for the hidden key that would grant me comprehension. 

Then there are the projects, of course, that are far easier than expected, or which are simply a delight to read. The emotional lives of trees, anyone? Simply reading that book was relaxing. A mental forest bath. Or the annotated translation of marriage law from the Yuan dynasty. So the text itself was a bit dry, but wow, some unique circumstances and prescriptions. My wife and I had fun imagining how our wedding and marriage would have been different had we lived in that time and place. Then there is one of my current favourites—business books. Why not learn how to improve my business while I am working?

So happy indexing day, everyone! Like any job, indexing has its ups and downs, its surprises, its moments of uncertainty and frustration, and its moments of relief and glee. It is truly amazing the diversity of books that I have indexed. It is truly amazing that I have survived some of the indexes I have written, not to mention the deadlines. My clients and colleagues have also been truly amazing, especially the ones I have been able to work with over multiple projects, and develop camaraderie with. Indexing may be practiced in solitude, but it by no means exists in isolation.